FLATGEO Consulting Co., Ltd.

List of Standards

List of Standards

The list of standards (ASTM, BS and TCVN) which are commonly used in...

Holiday calendar in 2024

Holiday calendar in 2024

Date Number of days off 2024  New Year's...

Upcoming Events

Upcoming Events

Upcoming events Date Location The 21st Southeast Asian...

Standard Penetration Test

Standard Penetration Test

Standard penetration test (SPT) is one of the most common in situ testing...

Precision or Accuracy ???

Precision or Accuracy ???

When working with technical documents, readers are often deal with specific...

Bulk Density

Bulk Density

1. Definition: A bulk density of a soil sample is defined as a mass per...

Compaction Test

Compaction Test

1. Definition: The bulk density or dry density of soils is not a constant...

Warning on Webpage Content Stealing

Warning on Webpage Content Stealing

On February 27, 2014, flatGEO Consulting Co. accessed to a webpage on...

  • List of Standards

    List of Standards

    July 18, 2011
  • Holiday calendar in 2024

    Holiday calendar in 2024

    October 2, 2011
  • Upcoming Events

    Upcoming Events

    December 3, 2011
  • Standard Penetration Test

    Standard Penetration Test

    December 12, 2011
  • Precision or Accuracy ???

    Precision or Accuracy ???

    January 7, 2012
  • Bulk Density

    Bulk Density

    February 20, 2012
  • Compaction Test

    Compaction Test

    March 7, 2012
  • Warning on Webpage Content Stealing

    Warning on Webpage Content Stealing

    February 27, 2014

"Symbols and definitions used in geotechnical engineering" is quoted from "Lexicon in 8 languages" (the fifth edition) published in 1981 by International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering.

confused (If your web browser does not display properly mathematical formulae, please refer to How to change renderers in MathJax)


1. General

Symbol Dimension Unit Measured quantity
L, l  L  m Length
B, b  L  m Breadth
H, h  L  m Height
D, z  L  m Depth
d, D  L  m Diameter
A  L²  m² Area
V  L³  m³ Volume
t  T  s Time
v  LT-1  m/s Velocity
a  LT-2  m/s² Acceleration
g  LT-2  m/s² Acceleration due to gravity (g = 9.81 m/s²)
m  M  kg Mass
r  ML-3  kg/m³ Density
g  ML-2T-2  kN/m³ Unit weight
F  -  1 Factor of safety
p  -  1 3.1416
e  -  1 2.7183
ln a  -  1 Natural logarithm of a \(\bigl(\large\log_{e}a\) or \(\large\ln a\bigr)\)
lg a  -  1 Logarithm of a base 10 \(\bigl(\large\log_{10}a\) or \(\large\log a\bigr)\)
Signs: A "prime" applies to effective stress
A "bar" above a symbol relates to average property
A "dot" abobe a symbol denotes derivatives with respect to time
Prefixes δ or Δ denotes an increment or a change

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